The Pharos Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 540-520 BCE. The name derives from vases with scenes of
two women sharing a cloak (“pharos”). Frequently painting the lekythos, compositions consist of a central panel on the body
of the vase. Findspots include Locri (south Italy), Rhodes, and the Athenian Kerameikos.
Klitomenes is an Athenian black-figure potter of Little Master cups active in the mid-6th c. BCE. The signature of potter
(“epoiesen”) appears on a skyphos found at Sardis (Princeton, University Art Museum 29.180; BAPD 310585), showing a swan in
the tondo.
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured,
shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Nearchos is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 570-555 BCE who signed as both potter (“epoiesen”) and painter (“egrapsen”).
Painting in a miniature style, the artist decorated the kantharos, Little Master cup, plaque (pinax), column krater, and aryballos.
Subjects include Herakles, Trojan War, Gigantomachy, Pygmies versus cranes, and Amazons. Findspots include the Athenian Acropolis,
Etruria (Cerveteri, Vulci, Vetulonia), Naukratis, Berezan, and Samos (Heraion).
Epiktetos is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 520-490 BCE who painted bilingual cups (black-figure interior, red-figure
exterior). The name is inscribed on vases as both potter (“epoiesen”) and painter (“egrapsen”). The painter is thought to
have decorated vases for the potters Hischylos, Python, Pistoxenos, and the Nikosthenes-Pamphaios workshop. Other shapes are
plates, kraters, the askos, oinochoe, and pelike. Scenes include satyrs, centaurs, Herakles and Busiris, the symposion, erotic
scenes, athletes, and male revelers (“komasts”). Some findspots are Athens (Acropolis, Agora), Etruscan sites (Vulci, Gravisca,
Cerveteri, Adria), and a shipwreck off the coast of Gela (Sicily).
The Thalia Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 520-500 BCE that painted a bilingual cup (black-figure
interior, red-figure exterior). The name derives from the appellation “Thalia” inscribed on a cup from Vulci (Berlin, Antikensammlung
3251; Florence, Archaeological Museum, 1B49; BAPD 200964) showing an erotic scene. Other subjects include Dionysos and followers,
athletes, warriors, and revelers (“komasts”). Findspots are Chiusi and the Athenian Acropolis.
The Edinburgh Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 500 BCE, who sometimes applies white-ground to black-figure.
The name derives from a lekythos (Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Museum L224.379; BAPD 380848) showing the Ransom of Hector. The
painter has been connected to the Leagros Group and the Dot-Band Class. The lekythos is the main shape, as well as the amphora
and small hydria. Scenes include myths, chariots, warriors, Herakles, Athena, and Dionysos. Findspots are Gela and other sites
in Sicily, Athens (Kerameikos, Agora, Acropolis), Etruria and southern Italy, Cyrene, and Xanthos (Turkey).
The Amasis Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 560-515 BCE. The name derives from the potter ("epoiesen")
who signs as Amasis. Scholars debate if the painter and potter are one in the same. The painter sometimes combines the full
black-figure technique with outline and at times employs a minituristic style. Shapes include different amphora types, lekythos,
oinochoe, and alabastron. Subjects are Dionysos and his followers, other gods, draped figures, warriors, and revelers ("komasts").
Main findspots are Vulci and other sites in Etruria, Athens (Acropolis, Agora, Kerameikos), and Naukratis.
The Hermaios Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 520-510 BCE, formerly said to be related to the Severeano
Group. The name derives from the potter (“epoiesen”) who signs as Hermaios on several examples. Subjects appearing on the
cup interior include Dionysos, revelers (“komasts”), the symposion, athletes, warriors, riders, and Amazons. Findspots are
Athens (Agora, unspecified sites), Marion (Cyprus), Etruria (Vulci, Chiusi, Cerveteri), and Naukratis.
The Daybreak Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter associated with the Leagros Group, active ca. 520 to 500 BCE. The
name derives from a lekythos from Eretria (Athens, National Museum 513; BAPD 302371) showing Helios rising from the sea. Shapes
are the lekythos, oinochoe, olpe, and hydria. Other scenes include Odysseus and Circe, Herakles, warriors, the symposion,
and Dionysos. Findspots are Rhodes, Etruria, southern Italy, and Sicily.
The Class of the Vatican G47 denotes a group of Athenian black-figure painters active late 6th to early 5th c. BCE who decorate
oinochoe. The name derives from an oinochoe found at Vulci (Rome, Vatican G47; BAPD 303297) showing a maenad riding a bull.
Attributed to the class are the Painter of Oxford 226 and Painter of Oxford 225. Scenes include chariots, Dionysos and followers,
warriors, Achilles and Ajax, and Herakles. Findspots are Vulci, Knossos, Amathus (Cyprus), and Corinth.
Alabaster is a mineral or rock that is soft, often used for carving, and is processed for plaster powder. Archaeologists and
the stone processing industry use the word differently from geologists. The former use is in a wider sense that includes varieties
of two different minerals: the fine-grained massive type of gypsum and the fine-grained banded type of calcite.
The Rycroft Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active in the last quarter of the 6th c. BCE. The name derives from
an amphora (Type A) discovered in Vulci, formerly in the Rycroft collection (Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1965.118; BAPD 301824),
showing Leto on one side and Apollo and Artemis on the other. The painter is thought to be related to the Priam Painter and
to Psiax. Shapes include the amphora in different forms, kraters, and the hydria. Scenes are of chariots, Herakles, Dionysos,
and the Ransom of Hector. Findspots are sites in Etruria, Sicily, Athens (Agora, Acropolis), and Cyrene.
Sophilos is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 580-570 BCE, who signs vases as both painter (“egrapsen”) and potter
(“epoiesen”). The name derives from a signed dinos (London, British Museum 1971.1101.1; BAPD 350099) showing the Marriage
of Peleus and Thetis. Shapes include the dinos (or lebes), column krater, lekanis, and amphora. Other subjects include the
Kalydonian Boar Hunt, Funeral Games of Patroklos, Helen and Menelaus, Herakles, and centaurs. Findspots include Athens (Acropolis,
Agora, Kerameikos), Aegina, Naukratis, Smyrna, Sardis, and Sicily.
The Marathon Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter connected with the Class of Athens 581 and active in the early 5th
c. BCE. A lekythos painter, the name derives from vessels deposited with the Athenian dead after the Battle of Marathon. Scenes
are chariots, Dionysos, Herakles, and Athena. Findspots other than Marathon are Sicily, Thebes, Olympia, Rhodes, and southern
Italy.
The Castellani Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter of the Tyrrhenian Group active ca. 560-550/45 BCE. The name derives
from an amphora formerly in the Castellani collection (Rome, Villa Giulia 50652; BAPD 310041) showing Amazons on one side
and centaurs on the other. The primary shape is the ovoid neck amphora. Vases portray the symposion, Herakles/Amazons, weddings,
male revelers ("komasts"), satyrs and maenads, erotic scences, and fights. Findspots include sites in Etruria (Cerveteri,
Vulci, Tarquinia).
The Kiss Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 510-500 BCE. The name derives from scenes of a youth and
girl embracing. Other subjects are athletes and revelers (“komasts”). Findspots are sites in Etruria (Chiusi, Arezzo).
The Brygos Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 490-470 BCE who painted in white-ground. The name derives
from the potter ("epoiesen") who signs as Brygos and collaborated with the Brygos Painter and other painters. Shapes are the
cup (kylix), skyphos, lekythos, kyathos, kantharos in the shape of female heads, rhyton in the shape of animal heads, and
kalathos. Subjects include revelers (“komasts”), the symposion, Dionysos and followers, warriors, athletes, Herakles, Zeus
and Ganymede, and the Trojan War. Some findspots are Etruria (Vulci, Orvieto, Chiusi, Tarquinia, Cerveteri), sites in southern
Italy and Sicily, Athens (Acropolis, Agora), sites in Attica (Brauron, Eleusis, Menidi), Thebes, Marseilles, and Olbia.
The Agrigento Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 470-440 BCE and a member of the Mannerist Group. The name
derives from a calyx krater from Agrigento (Agrigento, Archaeological Museum; BAPD 206657) showing Herakles and Nessos. Other
shapes are the column-krater, bell krater, stamnos, pelike, dinos, amphora, and hydria. Scenes include Herakles, Theseus,
Dionysos and followers, Amazons, the symposion, revelers (“komasts”), musicians, warriors, and generic males (youths, boys,
men). Some findspots are Bologna, Spina, Tarquinia, sites in southern Italy and Sicily, the Athenian Agora, Corinth, Rheneia
(Delos), Ampurias (Spain), and Naukratis.
Corinth was a city-state (polis) on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnese to the mainland
of Greece, roughly halfway between Athens and Sparta.
The C Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 570-560 BCE. The name derives from the “Corinthianizing” style
of painting. Shapes are the Siana cup, lekanis, tripod kothon (or pyxis), skyphos, and lekythos. Subjects include dueling
warriors, horsemen, the symposion, male revelers ("komasts"), and mythological scenes. Findspots include Athens, Eleusis,
Perachora, Corinth, southern Italy, Rhodes, Kavala, and Naukratis.
Orientalizing denotes Greek vases and other arts produced ca. 700-600 BCE. It thus falls between the Geometric (ca. 900-700
BCE) and Archaic (ca. 600-480 BCE) stylistic periods. It is divided into phases, according to region and stylistic development.
The term derives from discernible changes in the techniques and appearance of pottery, sculpture, and architecture based on
Greek contact with the Near East and Egypt. Chief stylistic trends in vase-painting include the use of animal friezes, hybrid
creatures, and rosettes. The term Orientalizing is applied to Athens (where it is also called Protoattic) and other regions,
such as Corinth (where it is also called Protocorinthian), East Greece, Crete, and the Cycladic islands. The main vase-painting
techniques in Athens and Attica are silhouette, outline, some incision, and the Black and White Style, and major painters
include the Analatos Painter, Nettos (Nessos) Painter, and Ram Jug Painter.
Group E is a large group of Athenian black-figure painters active ca. 560-540 BCE. The name derives from a close association
to Exekias, who signs a Group E vase as potter ("epoiesen"). Group E painted the pelike, different amphora types, the lekythos,
and kraters. Subjects include the Birth of Athena, Herakles, Amazons, Theseus and the Minotaur, as well as athletes, the symposion,
and funerary scenes. Findspots are Athens (Acropolis, Agora, Kerameikos), Chalkidike, Vulci, Spina, North Africa, and Russia.
The Piraeus Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 620-600 BCE, who painted the amphora. The name derives
from a neck amphora found in Piraeus (Athens, National Museum 353; BAPD 300012) showing chariots. Findspots include Athens
and Piraeus.
The Krokotos Group is a group of Athenian black-figure painters active at the end of the 6th c. BCE. It includes the Group
of Walters 48.42, Durand Painter, and Painter of Munich 2100. The name derives from the added saffron-yellow applied to garments
and animals. Shapes include the skyphos, and the imagery pertains to Dionysos. Findspots are Etruria, the Athenian Acropolis,
Corinth, Thebes, and Sicily.
The Painter of Boston CA is a black-figure painter active ca. 575-555 BCE. The name derives from a Siana cup from Thebes (Boston,
Museum of Fine Arts 99.519; BAPD 300620) showing Circe and Acheloos. The main shape is the Siana cup, but a Panathenaic amphora
fragment with a runner is also attributed to this artist. Findspots include the Athenian Acropolis, Kavala, Rhodes, southern
Italy, and Naukratis.
Douris is an Athenian red-figure painter and potter active ca. 500-460 BCE. The name derives from the signature of Douris
as painter (“egrapsen”) on many vases. Shapes are primarily the cup, but also the lekythos, pyxis, neck amphora, psykter,
and rhyton in the shape of an animal. Scenes include the symposion, revelers (“komasts”), musicians, warriors, athletes, Dionysos
and followers, Herakles, Theseus, Zeus and Ganymede, and the Trojan War. Some findspots are Etruria (Vulci, Orvieto, Chiusi,
Cerveteri, Tarquinia), Adria, sites in southern Italy and Sicily, Athens (Agora, Acropolis, Kerameikos), Ampurias (Spain),
and Naukratis.
The FP Class is a group of Athenian black-figure cups dated to the late 6th c. BCE and characterized by large palmettes next
to the handles. The acronym “FP” stands for “flower palmette.” Scenes include courtship, Theseus and the Minotaur, riders,
and dancers. Findspots are in Greece, Sicily, Italy, and Naukratis.
Plastic vases (from the German Plastik, meaning sculpture) are mold-made figural vessels taking human, animal, or hybrid forms.
While the sculptural elements of a plastic vase are often made in two-part molds, parts can also be modeled by hand or wheel-thrown.
This type of vase reached its peak popularity in Athens during the 5th c. BCE. Plastic vases were also produced in Corinth
and Boeotia.
The Centaur Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter of Little Master cups active in the second quarter of the 6th c. BCE.
The name derives from a preference for painting centaurs and other equids. Known findspots include the Athenian Agora, Vulci,
Berezan, and Cyprus.
The Scheurleer Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active in the late 6th c. BCE, who also painted bilingual cups
(black-figure interior, red-figure exterior). The name derives from a cup in the Scheurleer Collection (Amsterdam, Allard
Pierson Museum 997; BAPD 200319) showing athletes. Other subjects include warriors, satyrs, and revelers (“komasts”). Findspots
are Vulci, Gravisca, and Olbia (Black Sea).
Classical denotes Greek vases and other arts produced from ca. 480-323 BCE. It thus falls between the Archaic (ca. 600-480
BCE) and Hellenistic (323-31 BCE) stylistic periods. These dates are based on two historical events: the Persian invasion
of Athens in 480 BCE and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. Classical is often divided into the three phases of
Early, High, and Late, based on stylistic development. The main vase-painting techniques in Athens are red-figure and white-ground,
with black-figure still in use for the Panathenaic amphora. Major Athenian vase-painters from this time include the Pan Painter,
Niobid Painter, Achilles Painter, Polygnotos, and Eretria Painter.
The Eye-Siren Group is a group of Athenian black-figure painters active ca. 520-500 BCE. They are considered followers of
the Antimenes Painter. The name derives from a neck amphora (London, British Museum B215; BAPD 320288) displaying sirens with
large eyes on their bodies and showing Peleus and Thetis on one side with Apollo on the other. Though mainly decorating the
amphora, including some Panathenaics, other shapes are the hydria and a cup. Subjects include warriors, Herakles, Amazons,
and Dionysian scenes. Examples have been discovered in Etruria.
The Wild Goat Style is a modern term describing vase painting produced in the east of Greece, namely the southern and eastern
Ionian islands, between circa 650 to 550 BCE.
The Panther Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 620-600 BCE. A painter mainly of the lekanis with animal
friezes, Vari (Attica) is the primary findspot.
Six’s technique describes figures painted in white, red, or pink silhouette on a black surface with their details incised
(see Incised). Although giving the appearance of red-figure (see Red-figure), it is considered an example of polychrome painting
(see Polychrome; see Black Polychrome; see Added Color). The technique is first used for full figures ca. 530 BCE and continues
through the early 5th c. BCE. Mainly appearing on small vessels, such as the lekythos, its invention is attributed to the
potter Nikosthenes (see Nikosthenes). Versions have been identified on vases from Corinth, Boeotia, and East Greece. The name
derives from the Dutch scholar Jan Six who first described it in the late 19th century.
Reserving is the practice of deliberately leaving a figure or detail unpainted. The reserved surface is the color of the fired
clay, such as the orange-red of Athenian black-figure (see Black-figure) and red-figure (see Red-figure) vases. The technique
is used on some Orientalizing vessels (see Orientalizing) as well as in East Greek and Boeotian black-figure.
Andokides is an Athenian potter active ca. 530 BCE. Signing as potter ("epoiesen") on a number of vases, the potter is associated
with several painters: the Andokides Painter, Psiax, and Epiktetos. Shapes are mainly cups, the amphora, and hydria. Subjects
include Dionysos, Herakles, and Athena as well as athletes, warriors, and the symposion. Examples have been discovered in
Etruria.
The Group of Walters 48.42 is a group of Athenian black-figure cups produced ca. 530-520 BCE. Considered to be part of the
Krokotos Workshop, the name derives from a cup (Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery 48.42; BAPD 302634) showing Dionysos’ head
between eyes on the exterior. The group is characterized by Type A cups that feature eyes on the exterior, some with figures
(satyrs, maenads, Herakles, Nereus), and a gorgoneion in the interior. Findspots include Vulci, Roselle, Falerii, and Athens.
The Phiale Painter was a painter of the Attic red-figure style. He was active around 460 to 430 BC. The Phiale Painter is
assumed to have been a pupil of the Achilles Painter.
The Hegesiboulos Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 510-500 BCE. The name derives from the potter (“epoisen”)
who signs as Hegesiboulos on a cup (New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 07.286.47; BAPD 201603) showing a man and his dog
(surrounded by coral-red) on the interior and a symposion and komos on the exterior. A fragment of an unidentified shape from
the Athenian Acropolis (Athens, National Museum 2.538; BAPD 201604) showing a symposion has been connected to the painter.
The Goluchow Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active in the late 6th c. BCE. The name derives from an olpe from Cerveteri
(Warsaw, National Museum 142463, ex Goluchow; BAPD 200045) showing a discus thrower. The other shape is the oinochoe, and
scenes are of athletes, a satyr, and musicians. Other findspots are Vulci and Athens.
The Geras Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 480-470 BCE. The name derives from a pelike (Paris, Louvre
G234; BAPD 202622) showing Herakles and Geras (“old age”). Other shapes are the neck amphora, kraters, hydria, and stamnos.
Subjects include Dionysos and followers, Ganymede, Theseus, Europa, Aktaion, Triptolemos and Demeter, and Herakles. Findspots
are Vulci, Nola, sites in Sicily, and Locris (Greece).
Elbows Out is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 550-530 BCE. The name derives from the exaggerated arm gestures
of the figures. Like the Affecter, Elbows Out is classified as a mannerist painter. Shapes include band-cups, lip-cups, the
skyphos, lekythos, and amphora. Subjects are animals, youths, women, and erotic scenes. Examples have been discovered in the
Black Sea, Etruria, Naukratis, and Greece.
The Painter of Berlin 1686 is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 550-530 BCE. The name derives from an amphora (Berlin,
Antikensammlung F1686; BAPD 320383) portraying a sacrifice to Athena. Other scenes include courting, choral performance, Herakles,
and warriors. Findspots are Etruria, Sicily, sites in Greece, Cyrene, and Kerch (Black Sea).
Sakonides is an Athenian black-figure painter of Little Master cups active ca. 560-520 BCE. The signature as painter ("egrapsen")
appears on several cups, including one cup of Type A from the Athenian Acropolis (Athens, National Museum Acr.; BAPD 301108).
Subjects are mostly female heads, but also Herakles, youths, and riders. Other findspots include Etruria, Sicily, Thrace,
and Olbia.
The Segment Class is the name assigned to a class of Athenian black-figure cups that have figure decoration covering their
whole interior, while their exteriors are black. They date to the last quarter of the 6th c. BCE, and their subjects are mostly
Dionysian. Findspots include Athens (Acropolis, Agora), Argos, Italy, Sicily, and the Black Sea.
The Euergides Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 515-500 BCE. The name derives from the potter ("epoiesen")
who signs as Euergides on several examples. Shapes are cups and the alabastron. Subjects include warriors, women, athletes,
satyrs and maenads, hunting, Theseus and the Minotaur, Achilles and Ajax, and revelers (“komasts”). The painter also places
sphinxes, griffins, and winged horses near the cup handles. A notable example is the cup dedicated on the Athenian Acropolis
(Athens, National Museum Akr. 2.166; BAPD 200761) showing Athena watching metalworkers. Other findspots are the Athenian Agora,
Thasos, Eretria, Etruria (Vulci, Cerveteri, Gravisca), Kerch, and Naukratis.
Hermonax is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 475-450 BCE. The name derives from the signature as painter (“egrapsen”)
on several vases. Shapes are the stamnos, pelike, neck amphora, loutrophoros, oinochoe, lekythos, lekanis, and cups. Subjects
include Dionysos and followers, revelers (“komasts”), weddings, warriors, the Death of Orpheus, Zeus and Ganymede, Boreas
and Oreithyia, Eros and lovers, and youths and young women. Some findspots are sites in southern Italy and Sicily, Cerveteri,
Ampurias (Spain), Athens (Agora, Acropolis), Argos, Brauron, Camiros (Rhodes), and Xanthos (Turkey).
The Telephos Painter is an Athenian red figure painter active ca. 470-460 BCE. The name derives from a cup found in eastern
Etruria (Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 98.931; BAPD 205037) showing Telephos at the palace of Agamemnon. The main shape is the
cup, but also the phiale, neck amphora, lekythos, and rhyton in the shape of a donkey head. Subjects include the symposion,
revelers (“komasts”), satyrs, athletes, warriors, Eos and Tithonos, and the Ilioupersis. Some findspots are Orvieto, Etruria
(Vulci, Tarquinia), sites in southern Italy and Sicily, Eretria, Athens (Acropolis, unspecified sites), and Camiros (Rhodes).
The Keyside Class denotes a group of Athenian black-figure painters active late 6th to early 5th c. BCE. The name derives
from two vases (Würzburg, Martin von Wagner Museum 347; BAPD 303245; and Würzburg, Martin von Wagner Museum 345; BAPD 303249)
with a key-pattern as a side border. Attributed to the class are the Leagros Group, Group of Vatican G49, Painter of Sèvres
100, and Class of Athens 581. The main shape is the oinochoe. Subjects include Dionysos and followers, Herakles, dancers,
the symposion, and Amazon. Findspots are Vulci, other Etruscan sites, and sites in southern Italy and Sicily.
The Hypobibazon Class denotes a group of Athenian black-figure vases made around 510 BCE. The name derives from an amphora
discovered in the Athenian Kerameikos (Athens, Kerameikos 158; BAPD 301866) showing a warrior about to mount a horse. The
shape associated with the class is a belly amphora (Type B) with rounded handles and feet. Painters of this class prefer daily
life scenes. Findspots are sites in Athens (Agora, Acropolis, Kerameikos) and Eleusis.
Euthymides is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 515-500 BCE, who signed as both painter (“egrapsen”) and potter (“epoiesen”).
Euthymides is considered a member of the Pioneer Group, along with Euphronios, Phintias, and other vase-painters. One of the
best known works is an amphora (Munich, Antikensammlungen 2307; BAPD 200160) featuring revelers (“komasts”) and the inscription
“as never Euphronios.” Shapes include different amphora types, the hydria, and cups. Scenes are Dionysos and followers, other
gods, athletes, Theseus, Herakles, and the symposion. Some findspots are Vulci and other sites in Etruria, Athens (Acropolis,
Agora), sites in Sicily and southern Italy, and Vix (France).
The Epeleios Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 515-500 BCE. The name derives from the appellation “Epeleios”
inscribed on several vases. Subjects include revelers (“komasts”), sacrifice, satyrs and maenads, athletes, and youths with
horses. Some findspots are Etruria (Vulci, Gravisca, Chiusi, Roselle), Athens (Acropolis, Agora), Selinus, and Olbia.
The Flying-Angel Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 480-470 BCE. The name derives from an amphora found
in Capua (Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 98.882; BAPD 202711) showing a satyr supporting a child-satyr on his shoulders with
outstretched arms (“flying-angel”). Shapes include the amphora (Type C), kraters, pelike, lekythos, and a Panathenaic amphora
with revelers (“komasts”). Other subjects are athletes, the symposion, Dionysos and followers, warriors, and Herakles. Some
findspots are Cerveteri, Chiusi, Gela, Athens (Acropolis, Agora), Rheneia (Delos), Cyrene, and Kerch.
Kleophrades signed cups as potter (epoiesen 'made it') that were decorated by a variety of painters. Other vases have been
attributed to him on the basis of style. He was the son of the potter Amasis (q.v.).
The Leafless Group is a group of Athenian black-figure painters active late 6th to early 5th c. BCE. The name derives from
the leafless branches added to the scenes. Shapes include kylix cups (Type A, Type B), the kyathos, and mastoid cups. The
scenes are mainly Dionysian. Findspots include Turkey (Smyrna, Xanthos, Clazomenae), Athens (Agora, Acropolis), Adria (Adriatic
coast of Italy), Olbia, and Camiros (Rhodes).
The Bulas Group is a group of Athenian black-figure painters active in the early 4th c. BCE. The group is known for decorating
the miniature Panathenaic amphora. The name derives from Casimar Bulas, the scholar who first assembled the group. Scenes
are of Athena, athletes, and Eros. Findspots include Greece (Corinth, Eretria, Athens), Amathus (Cyprus), Al Mina (Syria),
and Cumae.
Impressed describes decoration that is added by impressing or stamping (see Stamped) designs onto the surface of the vessel
before it is painted. In Athens, it first appears around the middle of the 5th c. BCE perhaps in the work of the Sotades Painter
(see Painter). The ornament generally consists of small and simple motifs, such as rosettes, concentric circles, palmettes,
ovules, and tongues. Impressed and stamped decoration usually appears on drinking vessels.
Black pattern is a term sometimes used to describe Athenian vases without human or animal figures. The decoration includes
floral, linear, or patterned bands. On some vases, large areas of the surface are painted black with a reserved band for decoration.
Examples are dated from the mid-6th through the 4th c. BCE. Other regions producing their own versions of black pattern decoration
included Corinth, Boeotia, Laconia, and South Italy.
Onesimos is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 505-480 BCE, and associated with the Proto-Panaitian Group. The name
derives from a cup found at Vulci signed as painter (“egrapsen”) by Onesimos and as potter (“epoiesen”) by Euphronios (Paris,
Louvre G105; BAPD 203218) showing horsemen. The primary shape is the cup (kylix). Other shapes are the skyphos, plate, and
pyxis. Subjects include Theseus, Herakles, the Trojan War, the symposion, revelers (“komasts”), athletes, and nude females.
Some findspots are Etruria (Vulci, Cerveteri, Tarquinia, Chiusi, Orvieto), sites in southern Italy and Sicily, Athens (Acropolis,
Agora), and Naukratis.
The Xenokles Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter of Little Master cups active in the mid-6th c. BCE. The name derives
from vases signed as potter ("epoiesen") by Xenokles. Shapes include more lip-cups than band-cups and at least one oinochoe.
Subjects include the gods, animals, youths, and Herakles. Findspots are in Etruria and southern Italy, Berezan, Miletos, and
the Athenian Acropolis.
The Charmides Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 480-460 BCE. The name derives from the inscription “Charmides
kalos'' or “kalos Charmides” (“Charmides is beautiful”) on several vases. Shapes include the neck amphora (Nolan amphora)
and lekythos. Subjects are Eros, warriors, the Judgement of Paris, Eos and Tithonos, Nike, and satyrs. Findspots are sites
in southern Italy and Sicily and the Athenian Agora.
A Bronze Age Minoan style perhaps inspired by frescoes, the entire surface of a pot was covered with sea creatures, octopus,
fish and dolphins, against a background of rocks, seaweed and sponges.
The Ptoon Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 565-555 BCE. The name derives from the column krater discovered
in Boeotia (Mt. Ptoon) (Athens, National Museum 1001; BAPD 300776) decorated with animals. Other shapes include the ovoid
neck amphora, hydria, and Siana cup. Subjects are warriors, the symposion, draped, males, mythological scenes, and animals.
Findspots include Rhodes, Vulci, Sicily, and Tocra.
The Siren Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 480-470 BCE. The name derives from a stamnos from Vulci (London,
British Museum E440; BAPD 202628) showing Odysseus and the Sirens. Shapes are the pelike and stamnos. Subjects include Herakles
and Deianira, Perseus and a Gorgon, and the Struggle for the Delphic Tripod. Findspots are Vulci and perhaps Cerveteri.
The Chelis Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 515-500 BCE. The name derives from the potter (“epoiesen”)
who signs as Chelis. Subjects are Dionysos and followers, and the known findspots are in Etruria.
The Epitimos Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter of Little Master cups active in mid-6th c. BCE. The name derives
from vases signed as potter ("epoiesen") by Epitimos. Subjects include youths, warriors, and erotic scenes. The main findspot
is Vulci.
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic
number elements that occur naturally. In a pure form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and
ductile metal. It appears to be the earliest metal to be manipulated by humans.
The Antiphon Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 490-470 BCE. The name derives from the inscription “Antiphon
kalos” (“Antiphon is beautiful”) on a stand from Pomarico (southern Italy) (Berlin, Antikensammlung F2325; BAPD 203436) showing
athletes. The cup is the main shape, and subjects include warriors, hunting, Herakles, Theseus, the symposion, and revelers
(“komasts”). Findspots are the Athenian Acropolis, Etruria (Orvieto, Vulci, Tarquinia, Cerveteri, Chiusi), and sites in southern
Italy.
The Acheloos Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active from the end of the 6th c. BCE who is associated with the
Leagros Group. The name derives from an amphora found at Vulci (Berlin, Antikensammlung F1851; BAPD 302396) depicting Herakles
and Acheloos. Shapes include the neck amphora, lekythos, and hydria. Subjects are mythological with many featuring Herakles.
Findspots include Vulci, Cerveteri, and sites in southern Italy and Sicily.
Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser
than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point.
The Athena Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 490-460 BCE. The name derives from a preference for showing
scenes of Athena. A few red-figure vases have been connected to this painter, who is perhaps the same artist as the Bowdoin
Painter (see Bowdoin Painter [red-figure]). White-ground vases by the painter or from the painter’s workshop are attributed
to the Sèvres Class. The main shapes are the lekythos and oinochoe. Findspots are Eretria, Athens, Olympia, Delphi, Rhodes,
Etruria, southern Italy, and Sicily.
Outline denotes using black lines of clay slip to express the edges of a figure or form, leaving interior areas unpainted
or untreated. It is commonly used for details of anatomy on figures, such as eyes, faces, and exposed parts of the body. In
Athens, it first appears in the Geometric period (see Geometric) combined with silhouette, then in the Orientalizing period
(see Orientalizing), and eventually later as part of the black-figure, red-figure, and white-ground techniques.
The Painter of the Vatican Mourner is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 560-540 BCE, who has been associated with
Group E. The name derives from an amphora from Vulci (Rome, Vatican 350; BAPD 310352) featuring a woman mourning over a deceased
warrior (perhaps Eos and Memnon). Shapes are mostly the amphora and other large vessels. Scenes are of the Trojan War along
with wedding and funerary iconography. Known findspots include Italy, Sicily, Naukratis, and Athens.
The use of white-ground (see White-ground) with the black-figure technique (see Black-figure) was pioneered by the Edinburgh
Painter (see Edinburgh Painter) during the late 6th c. BCE. A white slip (see Added White) is applied to the surface of the
vase onto which human or animal figures are painted using black-figure. Shapes include the lekythos, oinochoe, and small neck-amphora.
The Clinic Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 470-460 BCE. The name derives from an aryballos (Paris, Louvre
CA2183; BAPD 210078) showing a medical scene. Shapes are mainly cups, but also the askos, aryballos, stamnos, and oinochoe.
Subjects include Dionysos and followers, revelers (“komasts”), Eros, warriors, youths, men, women, Herakles, and the Embassy
to Achilles. Findspots are Adria, Spina, Etruria (Vulci, Chiusi, Orvieto), and Nola.
Makron is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 495-475 BCE. The name derives from a skyphos from Suessula with the signature
of Makron as painter (“egrapsen”) and Hieron as potter (“epoiesen”) (Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 13.186; BAPD 204681) showing
Paris and Helen on one side and Menelaus and Helen on the other. The main shape is the cup, but also the aryballos, askos,
stamnos, oinochoe, plate, and pyxis. Subjects include musicians, revelers (“komasts”), courting, the symposion, Dionysos and
followers, a satyr-play, athletes, warriors, centaurs, Herakles, Demeter and Triptolemos, and the Trojan War. Some findspots
are Athens (Acropolis, Agora), Etruria (Vulci, Orvieto, Cerveteri, Chiusi, Tarquinia), Adria, sites in southern Italy, and
Ampurias (Spain).
The Sappho Painter is an Athenian black-figure painter active in the late 6th and early 5th c. BCE who uses white-ground with
black-figure. The name derives from a hydria (Warsaw, National Museum 142333; BAPD 510) in Six’s technique depicting Sappho
(inscribed) playing the lyre. Other shapes are the lekythos, column krater, loutrophoros, epinetron, alabastron, mastos, and
plaque. Scenes include chariots, Herakles, Athena, and funerary themes. Findspots are Athens (Agora, Kerameikos, Acropolis),
Eleusis, Corinth, Vari, Phaleron, and sites in Italy.
The Nikoxenos Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active late 6th to early 5th c. BCE and affiliated with the Leagros
Group. The painter also produced black-figure and bilingual vases (see Nikoxenos Painter [black-figure]). The name derives
from a Panathenaic amphora from Capua, Italy (Oxford, Mississippi University Museum 1977.3.115; BAPD 202964) with “Nikoxenos
kalos” (“Nikoxenos is beautiful”) inscribed on Athena’s shield. Other shapes are the amphora, hydria, and pelike. Subjects
include the Death of Priam, Perseus and Medusa, and religion. Findspots are sites in Etruria (Vulci, Tarquinia, Cerveteri),
the Athenian Acropolis, Aegina, and Naukratis.
The Salting Painter is an Athenian red-figure cup painter active ca. 510-500 BCE. The name derives from the previous owner
(Walter Salting) of a cup (London, Victoria and Albert Museum C2 496.1910; BAPD 201631) showing an athlete with a discus on
the interior. Other scenes include warriors and revelers (“komasts”). Findspots are mainland Greece (Corinth, Atalanti), Etruria,
Rome, and Naukratis.
The Painter of Berlin A 34 (formerly known as the Woman Painter) is an Athenian black-figure painter active ca. 630-620 BCE.
The name derives from a fragmentary krater found on Aegina (Berlin, Antikensammlung A 34; BAPD 218722) with a procession of
women. The painter is among the first attributed artists of Attic black-figure vase-painting. The main shape is the krater.
This painter uses a mix of techniques (outline and black-figure) and a variety of motifs, such as zigzags, dot rosettes, black-and-white
patterned rays, and animals on a large scale. Findspots include Athens (Kerameikos, Agora), Aegina, and Vourva.
The Oinanthe Painter is an Athenian red-figure painter active ca. 470-450 BCE and a member of the Mannerist Group. The name
derives from the inscription “Oinanthe kale” (“Oinanthe is beautiful”) on a hydria found at Vulci (London, British Museum
E182; BAPD 206695) showing the Birth of Erichthonios. Other shapes are the column krater, pelike, and hydria. Scenes include
Theseus and gods and goddesses. Findspots are Norcia (southern Italy) and Vulci.
The Group of the Negro Alabastra denotes a group of Athenian white-ground vases, decorated with figures in silhouette and
outline and produced in the 480’s BCE. The name derives from the shape (alabastron) that is often decorated with African males.
Aside from the alabastron, the group also decorated a few plates. Subjects include isolated figures: a draped African male
sometimes holding objects, an Amazon, and a Thracian. Some findspots are Boeotia (Thebes, Tanagra), Camiros (Rhodes), Athenian
Acropolis, and sites in southern Italy.
The Painter of Eleusis 767 is an Athenian black-figure painter who worked in the first quarter of the 6th c. BCE. The name
derives from a tall neck amphora found at Eleusis (Eleusis, Archaeological Museum 767; BAPD 300247) decorated with animals
and women. Other findspots are in Athens (Acropolis, Agora).
The Dot Band Class denotes a group of Athenian black-figure painters of the small neck amphora active late 6th to early 5th
c. BCE. The name derives from a band of dots on the neck of the amphora. Attributed to the class are the Edinburgh Painter,
Michigan Painter, Leagros Group, Group of Brussels R312, and the Bompas Group. Scenes are of Dionysos and followers, Herakles,
warriors, and Amazons. Findspots include sites in Etruria, southern Italy and Sicily, the Athenian Agora, and Rhodes.
The Swan Group is a group of Athenian black-figure painters active during the 6th c. BCE. The group is known for decorating
miniature vessels. The name derives from the prevalence of black silhouette swans (often upside down) as decoration. Shapes
include the pyxis, skyphos, lekanis, plate, oinochoe, phiale, and lebes. Findspots are Athens (Agora, Acropolis, Kerameikos),
Attica (Koropi, Eleusis), Tocra (Libya), Syracuse, and Perachora.
Eucharides Painter is the common nickname of an ancient Greek artist who decorated but did not sign attic vases. Neither his
real name, nor the dates of his birth and death are known. Presumably this artist was a pupil of the Nikoxenos painter.
